Chinese cattle are roughly divided into three groups according to their ecological characteristics and sex chromosome polymorphisms: a southern group, largely descended from the indicine lineage a northern group, belonging to the taurine lineage and a central group, which originated from B. Chinese cattle have long been used as draught animals and are valued for their parasite resistance, utilization of roughage-based diets and tolerance to environmental challenges ( Qiu et al. These Chinese breeds vary in their intrinsic characteristics and are important genetic resources for cattle worldwide. Of these breeds, 72 breeds originated from and are endemic to China. Through artificial selection, >1,000 cattle breeds were established throughout the world ( Scherf and Pilling 2015). As a representative ruminant, cattle provide hides, meat, and milk for human needs and work as draught animals for pulling carts, ploughing, and other tasks in less mechanized cultures ( Sherratt 1983 Zhang et al. According to previous reports, taurine cattle were domesticated in the Fertile Crescent ∼8,000–10,000 years ago, and indicine cattle were domesticated in the Indus Valley ∼6,000–8,000 years ago ( Loftus et al. indicus) cattle, which diverged from each other >250,000 years ago ( Hiendleder et al. ![]() Whole genome sequencing, selection, Chinese cattle, indicine components, admixture Introductionĭomesticated extant cattle can be categorized into two major geographic taxa: humpless taurine ( B. These findings substantially expand the catalogue of genetic variants in cattle and reveal new insights into the evolutionary history and domestication traits of Chinese cattle. We also discovered many potential selective sweep regions associated with domestication related to breed-specific characteristics, with selective sweep regions including genes associated with coat color ( ERCC2, MC1R, ZBTB17, and MAP2K1), dairy traits ( NCAPG, MAPK7, FST, ITFG1, SETMAR, PAG1, CSN3, and RP元7A), and meat production/quality traits (such as BBS2, R3HDM1, IGFBP2, IGFBP5, MYH9, MYH4, and MC5R). Moreover, we found that the level of genetic variation in Chinese cattle depends upon the degree of indicine content. Our results showed that Chinese cattle originated from hybridization between Bos taurus and Bos indicus. To determine the genetic diversity and population structure of Chinese cattle, we analyzed the whole genomes of 46 cattle from six phenotypically and geographically representative Chinese cattle breeds, together with 18 Red Angus cattle genomes, 11 Japanese black cattle genomes and taurine and indicine genomes available from previous studies. ![]() The bovine genetic resources in China are diverse, but their value and potential are yet to be discovered.
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